To Kill Mockingbird Symbolism Essay

To Kill Mockingbird Symbolism Essay To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, imagery is utilized to show the honesty of the kids and the blamelessness of certain individuals. There are a couple of fundamental kids in this story. The principle characters are, Jean Louise Scout Finch, Jeremy Atticus, Jem Finch, Charles Baker Dill Harris, Boo Radley and Tom Robinson. Boo represents blamelessness despite the fact that he isnt a youngster any longer. The mockingbird likewise represents blamelessness. The mockingbird shows imagery in light of the fact that the mockingbird is guiltless and everything they do is sing lovely tunes. Slaughtering a mockingbird is a transgression. A mockingbird in To Kill a Mockingbird isnt a genuine flying creature, it speaks to blameless, pleasant, just could do great, obvious objective to individuals in the Book. Like Tom Robinson or Boo Radley. The mockingbird represents oppressed individuals of color. They are blameless and never would hurt anybody simply like the mockingbird. Boo Radley is likewise blameless and could never hurt anybody thusly the mockingbird additionally represents him. Boo Radley never comes out in light of the fact that he wouldn't like to confront the partiality and degenerate world. A mockingbird is an innocuous winged animal that makes the world progressively wonderful. The mockingbird represents Boo Radley and Tom Robinson who were both tranquil individuals who never did any mischief. To slaughter or mischief them would be a wrongdoing. Atticus tells Scout and Jem: id rather you take shots at metal jars in the terrace however I know youll follow winged animals. Shoot all the blue jays you need on the off chance that you hit em yet recollect its a transgression to murder a mockingbird The mockingbird represents these two characters since it doesn't have it own melody. The blue jay is uproarious and repulsive the mockingbird just sings different fowls melodies. Subsequently the mockingbird is seen through different feathered creatures. The individuals of Maycomb just knew Boo Radley and Tom Robinson by the thing others said about them. both of these characters don't generally have their own tune as it were and accordingly are portrayed bu others see focuses. At the point when Atticus tells Jem and Scout that it is just plain wrong to slaughter the mockingbird, this alludes to the activities coordinated toward Tom and Boo. It was wrong to detest Tom and Boo bases on what others state about them. they were rebuffed by the individuals in Maycomb on the grounds that they didn't have their own voice. There are numerous individuals without their own voice in the public eye. As it is wrong to execute these without a voice. The imagery uncovers the bias and intolerance of the residents of Maycomb province their feelings of trepidation and the improper things they do. The mockingbird has a profound and serene significance in the novel. It speaks to quietness, honesty and benevolence. Characters, for example, Boo Radley can be contrasted with the mockingbird. Tom Robinson can likewise be contrasted with the mockingbird. Taking everything into account, the mockingbird speaks to harmony, honesty and graciousness. Boo Radley experienced his life never needing to hurt a fly. He left gum, pennies, and wax dolls for Scout and Jem. He sewed Jems jeans and left them without any problem. He additionally spared Scouts and Jems lives while taking a chance with his own. Boo was a delicate and delicate individual. All through the novel, Scout, Jem, and Dill are interested about the baffling Boo Radley on the grounds that he never comes outside from his home or connected with anybody in the area. The youngsters fear him in light of the considerable number of stories they catch wind of him from the individuals in maycomb. For instance, Miss Stephanie tells the kids that while Boo was sitting in the parlor cutting a magazine he drove the scissors into his folks leg, hauled them out, cleaned the on his jeans, and continued his exercises In the wake of hearing stories like these the youngsters believe him to be malevolent. The children accept progressively about Boo since he never plays outside or with anybody and accordingly the kids are not persuaded something else. Boo turns into a game and they carry on Boo Radley situations that they accepted to be valid. These accounts depended on tattle that experiences their neighborhood. Boo Radley can be contrasted with the mockingbird in the title of the novel. It is clarified in ch.10 when Atticus and Miss Maudie clarify that you ought to never execute a mockingbird since everything it does is sing wonderful melodies and never harms anybody and minds his own business. However the title is To Kill a Mockingbird and the townsfolk murder Boo Radley on the grounds that he is modest and doesn't come out of his home. He was a thoughtful individual, yet he was oppressed by society for being timid and not coming out of his home. The dim apparition is another image for Boo Radley whose face was as white as his hands and his dark eyes were so vapid a depiction fitting to one of a phantom. Toward the finish of the Book, Scout at long last meets Boo Radley after he causes her and Jem get away from Mr. Ewell. She finds that her convictions about him are false. She finds the melodies that the neighbors were placing into his mouth were false. At long last, Scout says that it is inappropriate to put Boo Radley being investigated for slaughtering Bob Ewell on the grounds that he did it so as to ensure her and Jem. Scout sees that things appear to be identical from Boo Radleys patio as they do from hers. in this manner Boo Radley is an ideal case of a mockingbird and the circumstance he is in is a pefect case of the title of the Book. Hacking wood and doing whatever he could for Mayella Ewell was Tom Robinsons just wrongdoing. Much the same as Boo Radley Tom never hurt a spirit. He took a chance with his own wellbeing by aiding Mayella and he did it since somebody required him. It resembled a mockingbird being destroyed when Robinson was blamed for assaulting Mayella. To the individuals of Maycomb province, Tom is only a sorry negro, who perpetrated an incomprehensible wrongdoing. Tom speaks to the dark race in American culture around then and was a survivor of bigotry. Like Boo Redleye, Tom Robinson is described by what the individuals consider him to be a malicious mammoth. During the preliminary while sway Ewell affirms, he focuses to Tom Robinson and says I seen that dark begro there rutting on my Mayella as per Mr. Ewell, Tom Robinson is a creature who tormented and disregarded his little girl. All through the preliminary, Tom is depicted in his way in light of the supremacist impartiality of the individuals in Maycomb. Despite the fact that there is an adequate measure of verification which shows he didn't perpetrate the wrongdoing, Tom is an individual of color who will be denied equity, Atticus strengthens this thought when he tells Jem in our courts, when its a white keeps an eye on word against a dark keeps an eye on. the white man consistently wins By and large this was the attitude of most Americans at that point. Individuals of color didn't have their own melody, others sang their tune their tunes dependent on convictions about them. like Boo Radley individuals just knew Tom Robinson through the thing others said about him. Boo is the pariah of the area, however at that point, Tom Robinson was the untouchable of the general public. All through the preliminary, Scout and Jem have confidence in Tom Robinsons blamelessness. They recognize the truth about him, and don't think enough about bigotry to be a piece of it. they didn't accept the preliminary was reasonable in light of the fact that they accepted there was proof in Tom Robinsons favor. Tom Robinson is another character who can be contrasted and the mockingbird. He was a truly kind individual who at long last is obliterated by his readiness to help mayella ewell. Much the same as a mockingbird, Robinson never hurt anybody. However, he was additionally abused by society for his benevolence and his race. Tom Robinson is a mockingbird figure in the Book. At long last, mr underwood likewise thinks about an innocuous warbler that was shot somewhere around a silly tracker. Toward the finish of the Book, hoever Scout understands the equivalent about Boo Radley. At the point when she at long last meets him, she perceives how out of line she had been with him. Boo negates everything that the chidren accepted about him. The way that nobody understood the out of line treatment of Tom Robinson made his passing substantially more heartbreaking. Tom Robinson was executed due to his graciousness and the shade of his skin. Someone else who shows imagery Is Atticus Finch. Atticus Finch shows imagery since he is viewed as a saint when he executes the out of control hound. Jem and Scout didn't have the foggiest idea about their dad was such a godo shoorter and they were extremely shocked to see him shooting. with developments so quick they appeared to be concurrent. Atticuss hand yanked a jolt tipped switch as he carried the firearm to his shoulder. The rifle split. Tim Johnson jumped, floundered over and disintegrated on the walkway In an earthy colored and white store. He knew to hit him Atticus is a dad in that he demonstrates love to his kids. Atticus consistently tells his youngsters shooting a mockingbird is a transgression since they dont do any mischief. They are honest animals that make music. Atticus is a legal advisor, he is a steadfast servent of equity for all individuals, dark or white. His shrewdness lies not in his instruction yet in the manner in which he brings up his youngsters and his insight into people groups disposition. Atticus indicated his mental fortitude when he acknowledged the Tom Robinson case despite the fact that he knew before hand that it was a lost fight. He prompts Scout and Jem not to become really excited by people groups incitement and sets the model when he doesn't respond to weave ewells dangers. Atticus is the one in particular who alludes to people groups preference as malady. He acknowledges the Robinson case with an end goal to battle against that, despite the fact that he makes certain to fall flat. Atticus is the main legal counselor in maycomb that would speak to a blackman. Atticus is viewed as a legend for he slaughters bigotry and bias, not permitting it to spread any further. In a discussion with his sibling. Jack session the com ing preliminary and how to get Jem and Scout through it without harshness and the vast majority of all, without contracting maycombs normal infection Atticus is a legend model to the network. Attius Finch, just as his two youngsters, who emulate his example. A spot that shows imagery would be the tree outside the Radley hosue. Somewhere else and object that shows imagery is the snowman, the fire in miss maudie atkinsons house, are instances of imagery. The snowman that Jem and Scout made infront of miss maudie atkinsons hosue one winter was a case of symbo

The demographic transition model Essay Example

The segment change model Paper The Demographic change model (DTM) is a model used to clarify the procedure of move from high birth rates and high demise rates to low birth rates and low passing rates as a component of the financial advancement of a nation from a pre-mechanical to an industrialized economy. It depends on an understanding started in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson of earlier watched changes, or advances, in birth and passing rates in industrialized social orders in the course of the last 200 years. Most created nations are past stage three of the model; most of creating nations are in stage 2 or stage 3. The model depended on the progressions found in Europe so these nations follow the DTM generally well. Many forming nations have moved into stage 3. The significant exemptions are poor nations, for the most part in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern nations, or nations influenced by government arrangement or common difficulty, remarkably Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Yemen and Afghanistan. Qualities of the DTM The DTM has numerous great elements. For instance, it is all inclusive in idea. It very well may be applied to all nations on the planet. You can see, that numerous different nations in Europe and North America experienced comparable stages as they industrialized. Some recently industrialized nations (NICs, for example, Singapore and South Korea likewise appeared to experience comparative stages, yet quicker than nations like Britain had done, which I will look at in my article later. The model assists with clarifying what has occurred and why it has occurred in that specific grouping, since it is likewise straightforward. Besides it empowers correlations with be made demographically between nations. Likewise, it gives a beginning stage to the investigation of demographically change after some time. We will compose a custom paper test on The segment progress model explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The segment change model explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The segment change model explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The model’s timescales are adaptable and to summarize, it is dynamic, indicating changes through time. The DTM of the UK The UK went over the most recent 300 years through five phases of the DTM. Solid gauges and enumeration returns return further for the UK than for some other nation. I need to clarify those stages now somewhat further: Stage 1: The passing rates vacillated up until around 1740. In long periods of bounty the demise rate fell, increasing again in times of shortage, missing cleanliness and modest gin drinking. It additionally rose when pestilences of disease struck and no clinical science was there. What's more there was questionable food flexibly. The birth rate remained high to make up for the high passing rate. There was no contraception or family arranging, and numerous youngsters were expected to take a shot at the land and bolster their folks in mature age. Yet, there was likewise such a high birth rate, in light of the fact that such huge numbers of kids kicked the bucket in earliest stages that guardians tend Tanja Dordelmann Geography Year 12 Page 2 to deliver more with the expectation that few will endure. The two rates were around 35 for each 1000. Stage 2: The UK experienced the second stage from 1760 till 1880. The birth rates stayed high, however passing rates fall quickly to around 20 for every 1000 individuals. The clinical consideration were improved, there were presently inoculations, medical clinics and specialists. The flexibly of improves sanitation, water and food creation improved in quality and amount. Transports to move to the specialists and to the nourishments were additionally given. Moreover the youngster mortality diminished somewhere in the range of 1770 and 1870. During the 1870s Anne Besant distributed pamphlets supporting contraception. Mandatory training and manufacturing plant changes after 1870 made work of kids significantly more troublesome. This brought about a major populace development. Stage 3: The late extending in the UK of the third stage occurred from 1880 till 1940. The birth rates fall quickly to maybe 16 for each 1000 individuals. This may because of the diverse family arranging, there was presently contraceptives, sanitization, premature birth and government motivations. The fall of the baby death rate lead to less strain to have such a significant number of youngsters. The expanded business and component meaning less workers are required. With everything taken into account the craving for material belongings and less want for huge families grew up. Another significant factor was the liberation of the ladies, which empowered the ladies to follow their own professions as opposed to simply bearing kids. While this, the demise rate kept falling marginally, intends to 12 for every 1000 individuals. Along these lines the populace had a gradually increment. Stage 4: By 1940, the birth rate had fallen again to 14 for each 1000, mostly because of the vulnerabilities of war. After the war the birth rate increased promptly for a brief timeframe, which is known as the post-war time of increased birth rates. In any case, at 1980 birth rates fallen again and stayed at a similar level. There was additionally the presentation of the antibaby-pill and more utilization of condoms. This is likewise an aftereffect of the ascent in the significance of ladies in the work structure of the UK. Though the demise rate stayed low at 10 †12 for every 1000. This brought about a consistent populace. The UK has not accomplished the fifth stage yet, in the same way as other different nations, either. As a matter of fact this fifth stage is only a guess and just Hungary passed this stage. Shortcomings of the DTM The DTM doe not just have great elements, despite the fact that it is all inclusive in idea, it is Eurocentric and accept that all nations on the planet will follow the European succession of financial changes. It depends on the experience of industrialisation and doesn't initially incorporate the fifth stage. Likewise you can't peruse why this occurred. It does exclude the factor of Aids, the job of the legislature and the effect of relocation, despite the fact that it is a significant piece of examining populace change. End †My assessment of the DTM The DTM is, in my eyes, an awesome method of look at nations in their populace change throughout the years. Sadly it does exclude all nations in their turn of events. In any case, all things considered I think utilizing the DTM is helpful.

Outline For Research Paper

Outline For Research PaperA well planned and detailed outline for research paper will take much of the strain off you. Writing research papers is time consuming and stressful, especially if it is your first time. You need to ensure that everything flows well and that the main points are clearly understood. The information you provide in the outline for research paper should be objective and well researched.You may choose to write an outline for research paper before you actually start writing the paper. This means that you have a good outline and have a thorough understanding of what needs to be included. You should work on the outline slowly and carefully. This will enable you to write your paper in the order in which it needs to be written. An outline will also make it easier to move from one section to another and eliminate much of the repetition which is typical of the written paper.A well-planned outline for research paper will contain details of who you are researching and the exact time frame in which you are required to complete the research. It will also contain a description of what your paper is actually going to be about. The outline should be a map with a map to lead the reader back to the information you want them to read. To illustrate what is to be read, the map should include a direction that will help guide the reader.For example, you may choose to use various tools and techniques to carry out your research. The map should highlight the various locations and points where these techniques are to be used. These techniques will show the reader that the map is not just your generic description of how you came up with the information but is a detailed study of the technique.Your outline for research paper should be prepared with adequate preparation. When you first begin writing, you may think that it will be easy and that the research is going to flow easily. However, if you do not plan properly, then your research paper will not flow smoothly. To be effective, you must first know what you are writing about and then use the tools at your disposal to get the most out of the information you have.You need to know what information to include in the outline for research paper. What research is to be carried out? What research techniques are required? What resources should be used? Where and when should the research take place?You should know how you are going to go about carrying out the research paper. For example, you may choose to do it online, offline or by telephone. It is also possible to use the outline to design your own custom research paper, using your own research methods.Using an outline for research paper will ensure that you write the research paper in the order in which it should be written. It will also ensure that you can understand what is being said and to whom it is being said.

Rousseau And The Social Contract - 1503 Words

Rousseau The Social Contract The Social Contract is a political work written by Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau that theorized the best way to establish a sovereign political community in the face of the problems within a divided commercial society. The Social Contract helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe; most notably in France. Furthermore, Rousseau’s argument was against the idea that Monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate; in his opinion only the people who are sovereign have that all-powerful right. Rousseau’s aim in writing The Social Contract is to determine whether there can be a legitimate political authority, since peoples’ interaction with government left them worse off with their freedoms â€Å"restrained† by the society created by their political leaders. With this stated purpose I believe that Rousseau’s ideas are to a great extent liberal and cry out for the people of this time to take a stand and voice their will towards a corrupt system of government and gain back their natural freedoms. â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they† (Rousseau, pg. 49). With Rousseau’s beginning statements he establishes an unjust link between government and the people it governs revealing that the natural rights of the people have been either taken or modified to fit the agendas of men who are slaves to the power they mandate. These â€Å"chains† thatShow MoreRelatedRousseau s The Social Contract1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe following texts, Rousseau s The Social Contract, Marx’s Private Property and Communism, Estranged Labor and Money, all differentiate between a general will, and a more personal, individual will. However, Rousseau’s and Marx’s theories of a general will, or collective being have discrepancies in both the origin and implications of g eneral will and individual will. Rousseau defines general will as a collective desire to advance society towards a common goal. However, Rousseau warns that ignoringRead MoreThe Social Contract By Jean Jacques Rousseau1271 Words   |  6 Pages ‘The Social Contract’ was written in 1762 by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Often viewed as one of the most important philosophers during the Enlightenment Era, Rousseau wrote ‘The Social Contract’ to explain his theory of how society originated, as well as how much authority government should have over those under its power. He also explained why people within a society should have more authority when it comes to establishing laws. Rousseau concluded that Legislative and Executive bodies must be establishedRead MoreThe Rousseau s Thesis And Social Contract1548 Words   |  7 PagesTo better understand Rousseau’s thesis and social contract he proposed, we must first understand why Rousseau felt compelled to write and his main criticism of society during the 18th century. In sum, Rousseau argued that states (specifically France, though never explicitly stated) have not protected man’s right to freedom or equality. Rousseau began The Social Contract i n dramatic fashion. He wrote, â€Å"man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains† (1). This quote is still used today, and isRead MoreThe Magna And Rousseau Theory Of The Social Contract884 Words   |  4 PagesMagna Carta vs Rousseau The Magna Carta and Rousseau theory of the social contract are both different and similar in many ways. The Magna Carta protects a certain group of people. And the Rousseau theory of the social contract is to protect everyone. But they also have a lot of similarities such as the fact that they both put restrains on the government. Magna Carta The Magna Carta is a series of documents that represent an important step in the progression of governance in western civilizationRead MoreThe Social Contract: Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Contract The three philosophers, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were three key thinkers of political philosophy. The three men helped develop the social contract theory into what it is in this modern day and age. The social contract theory was the creation of Hobbes who created the idea of a social contract theory, which Locke and Rousseau built upon. Their ideas of the social contract were often influenced by the era in which they lived and social issues thatRead MoreThe Social Contract : Hobbes Vs. Rousseau1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Contract: Hobbes vs. Rousseau Since the beginning of the modern age, governments and states have existed in order to maintain moral law. Essentially these institutions are for the greater good of humanity. However, little thought is ever given to how humans lived without governments. Each and every person in the modern age is born into a state, and becomes a part of that state regardless of their will. The concept that humans are born into a state is derived from the social contract. TheRead MoreThe Social Contract By Jean- Jacques Rousseau1512 Words   |  7 Pages The Social Contract by Jean- Jacques Rousseau can be seen as the foundation of the American political system. This is only true if the state believes to only serve the will of the people and that they are the full political power. They are the ones who give the power, or take away the power. I think that this is relevant when Rousseau brings up the general will and the will of all. Before I go into that I think it is important to go through the difference between what the general will is and theRead MoreRousseau And Hobbes And Rousseau On Individual And Differing Social Contracts2105 Words   |  9 Pagescreated. Rousseau and Hobbes and their individual and differing social contracts are no exception to this. Each of the theorists believed their specific social contracts would best provide the solutions to the political problems they address. Both create complex, sometimes contradicting diagnosis s of the individual problem they address. As with most pieces of writing, the setting the author was in when writing it often has great amounts of influence. This is true with both social contracts and problemsRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory1625 Words   |  7 Pagesand Rousseau on the Social Contract Theory The social contract theory focuses on the origin of states and laws, and the impact of regulated communities or states on individuals. All conceptions of the social contract theory can be harmonized to the individual desire for safety or security and the demand for fulfillment through a collective agreement which transforms the human dimension into an organized society from the primordial state. Rousseau was the first philosopher to coin the social contractRead MoreAn Analysis Of Rousseau s On The Social Contract 898 Words   |  4 PagesFinding Meaning in Rousseau In â€Å"On the Social Contract,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau famously declares, â€Å"Man was/is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† In this essay, I will attempt to explain this famous quote of Rousseau’s. Moreover, through a careful exposition of â€Å"On the Social Contract,† I intend to explain Rousseau’s proposed solution to the conundrum of freedom in society. The preliminary investigation into Rousseau originates with an account of his assertion that, â€Å"Man was/is born

The Mayan People - 2269 Words

The Maya refers to a group of ancient Mesoamerican people famous for the development of the Western Hemisphere’s sophisticated culture prior to the Spanish arrival (Cook Offit 32). One of the primary factors of their culture was their religion which was characteristic of nature gods’ worship, a priestly class, astrology’s and astronomy’s importance, human sacrifice rituals, and pyramidical temples’ construction (Cook Offit 32). In addition to the religion, the Maya people are also special because of elaborate systems of art, architecture, mathematics, and astronomy. The Maya’s written language, available in the form of several codices and inscriptions, reveals principal aspects of rainforest civilization and mysteries. Just like several modern Mesoamerican religions, the Maya religion is a consequence of hundreds of years’ symbiosis with Roman Catholicism (Cook Offit 32). Considering the pre-Spanish antecedents of the Maya religion, it emerges that the traditional religion was already there for over 2000 years in the form of a distinct phenomenon. Currently, the religion exhibits interaction and coexistence with syncretism of pan-Maya which is a tradition’s re-invention by Christianity and the movement of Pan-Maya (Cook Offit 32). Indeed, several Mayan religion’s aspects survive among the current Mexican Mayan Indians alongside Central American Mayan Indians, with their practices being an integration of Roman Catholicism and the old religion. This has the implicationShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilization And The Mayan People917 Words   |  4 PagesEvery ancient civilization had a set of beliefs and the Mayan people were no different. The Mayan people believed in two worlds, the â€Å"everyday world and the underworld, or the Place of Awe,† (2012). The Mayans believed in many gods, human sacrifice and the burial process for the poor and the kings were very different. The Mayans became around 250 AD and the Olmec’s influenced their religious culture. It was not until 900 AD that the Mayans began to flourish in cities across modern day Mexico, GuatemalaRead MoreThe first thing I think of or most people think of when they hear the word Mayans, is how they1600 Words   |  7 Pagesor most people think of when they hear the word Mayans, is how they think the Mayans believed the world was ending December 21, 2012. From research though, you find out that this not the case at all. And the Mayans didn’t believe that at all it is just a new age theory. The Mayans are such a rich culture and have so much history behind them. The ethnic Mayans are one of the earliest developed civilizations. They are a native Mesoamerican people that were founded back in 250 A.D. The Mayans flourishedRead MoreThe Silent Holocaust : The Silent Holocaust1099 Words   |  5 Pagesdevastating events that people often think of as vastly different. Where war usual ly reveals political difference, genocide demonstrates the idea of a certain party that desires to use mass destruction on another group. However, war and genocide have similarities which create uncertainty on how to define the event. â€Å"The Silent Holocaust†, more specifically known as the Guatemalan genocide of the Mayans, is a model example of confusion between war and genocide; many Mayans were killed, but the governmentRead MoreMayan Civilization : Ancient Civilizations1314 Words   |  6 PagesMayan Civilization The mayan civilization was one of the earliest civilizations that occupied areas that are today known as Guatemala, Northern Belize, and Mexico. The mayan civilization lived through what is known as the Classic Period. Their culture began about 250 C.E. and ended near 900 C.E. While most of the population lived in what is present day Guatemala the population of the mayans rose from 5,000 to almost two million people near the end of the Classic Period. Although the mayans are knownRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Mayan Civilization814 Words   |  4 PagesMayan Civilization There were many incredible civilizations in mesoamerica including the Incas, Aztecs, and the Mayas. They all had many strengths and weaknesses but the strongest among them were the Mayans. The Mayans were a very advanced civilization who survived for many, many years. The Mayans were very advanced in astronomy. They could map out the stars, the planets, the sun, and the moon. They knew so much about astronomy that they built all of their buildings in perfect alignment with compassRead MoreHistory of Mayan Culture1499 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Mayan Culture The mysterious culture of ancient Maya once covered a vast geographic area in Central and South America. Their civilization extended to parts of what are now Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador, and most of Guatemala and Belize. The Mayans first settled in 1500BC. The Mayans environment consisted of tropical rainforests, which was also one of their main sources of resources, they turned the jungles into great cities. The rainforest would provide them with food, clothing,Read MoreThe Maya And The Mayan Civilization1439 Words   |  6 Pageswere a people from Middle America, which includes modern Guatemala, Southern Mexico, and Northern Belize (Editors). The Maya civilization was considered to be â€Å"one of the most dominant indigenous societies of Mesoamerica,† (Maya). â€Å"The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making, and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork,† (Maya). They also gave mankind the modern calendar (Jarus, Maya). 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In â€Å"The Survival of the Yucatec Maya Culture,† Clendinnen stresses the importance of how Mayan tradition persisted through the traumas of conquest and the ruthless conversion campaign imposed by colonial leaders. Furthermore, she argues that despite the slaughters and disease that traditionally define the native experience of the conquest, that the Mayan were able to rationalize andRead MoreThe Cultural Similarities Differences Between the Inca and Mayan Empires619 Words   |  3 PagesThough the Inca and Mayan empires existed at different times in history, they have a few things in common. Like other societies throughout history though, they have many things that set them apart fr om each other. The biggest similarity they share is that they both had control of massive empires that eventually ceased to exist. To start off with, the Mayans existed earlier in history than the Incas. The Mayans existed from 1000 BC to AD 1697 and no one is quite certain what wiped out their ancient

Correctional Facilities And A Safe Environment For Both...

It is critical that correctional facilities have proper polices and procedures in place to ensure a safe environment for both the inmates and the staff of the facility. According to the United States Department of Justice (USDOJ), â€Å"Over 10,000 ex-prisoners are relased from America’s state and federal prisons every week and arrive on the doorsteps of our nation’s communities† (â€Å"Prisoners and Prisoner Re-Entry, para 1). Understanding and knowing what works within a facility can mean life or death. It is also important that society understands that these inmates will most likely re-enter society. How they react when they re-enter the community is dependent upon what they learn and how they are treated within the facility where they are housed. Correctional facilities and leaders create and test programs to make the transition into society easier for the inmate. The Federal Bureau of Prisons have reentry programs where the inmates learn skills that will be come crucial when they are job searching once released, writing a resume, and actually holding the job once they have accomplished it (Reentry Programs, para 2). Some inmates have no family or friends to support them because of their incarceration, which leaves them hopeless and homeless once they leave the facility. This paper will examine effective programs that are in place, and recommendations that will increase the effectiveness of correctional facilities and reduce recidivism of inmates with these programs. This topic ofShow MoreRelatedStructure of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections1604 Words   |  7 Pagesunder a function organization structure within state government that clearly separated services provided into two primary categories: prisons and parole services with both categories reporting to the agency Director. An organization structure based on functions provides a clear direction for job requirements, allows the opportunity for staff to become experts in their field of assignment, which increases productivity. Although this structure was successfully utilized by the DRC for many years, unintentionallyRead MoreInternal And External And Internal Stakeholders1428 Words   |  6 Pageslocal police decide to conduct a large sweep of offenders who have warrants or make mass arrests of people involved in the drug trade, their pre-trial facilities can expect a large night of intakes, many of whom may be under the influence or detoxing (Horgan , 2012). Our counts are reliant on the number of arrests that the police make and our medical staffs often are required to deal with a sick population (Horgan , 2012). 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He does this by explaining factors such as â€Å"the mobilisation of prison as a tool for the new public health† and the production of inmates into healthcare ‘consumers’, along

Economics South Africa in the Global Economy

Question: Discuss about theEconomicsfor South Africa in the Global Economy. Answer: South Africa in the Global Economy. Debate Motion: South Africa has a Strong Place in the BRICS Group. It is observed that the role of South Africa plays a vital role in the global economy. South Africa has entered into the international trade community with pride and is fulfilling the requirements to a major extend. The country has grown from various economic problems. There was time that because of the unconventional monetary policies, there were crisis in South Africas domestic economy. But with the change in the economic structure the country had managed to grow along with the growth of globalization. Globalization is aimed with the integration of different countries and the same had helped South Africa to develop a dynamic structure in the global economy (Cecile, Gilles Philippe, 2012). It is observed that there is lot of imbalance in the economy of the country. Struggle to get the balance in the economy has made the country capable enough to face the challenges. South Africa now ranks in providing top-class companies and with the vast mining industries; the availability of minerals is an advantage for it. The deficiency of skilled labour has increased the cost of wages there (Popescu, 2013). With the recovery of the world economy there is a balance that is been developed in the country. It is the responsibility of the government that will help in the growth ad downfall of the economy and how to recover from it. After the downfall in the economy overall the government of the country has managed to come out of the situation successfully (Stumpf Vermaak, 2010). BRICS, an economic association formed with the objective of providing assistance between the member countries. The member countries of the association are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. South Africa joined the association on 24th December, 2010. South Africa was invited in the group with the object to increase the contribution to the group. During the research it was observed that South Africa has benefited a lot from the BRICS. The major advantages were in the field of science, finance, justice, security, agriculture, etc. The Africa trade has increased after it has entered in the BRICS group. The reputation of the country has increased before the World Bank ad this had led to various advantages for the country. It was observed that with the entry of South Africa in the BRICS group has attracted many investors for the country. Many Chinese investors has visited South Africa with the aim to invest there. Also the minerals that are available in the country had helped it to contribute to the global economy. This has increased the flow of investment in the country not only from the associated groups but also from other countries around the globe. At the end we can say that South Africa is a country which has developed itself ad had managed to come out of the situation of low economy (nay, 2013). By entering into the BRICS group the association as well as the country had benefited as a whole. There is no doubt that South Africa holds a good position in the BRICS groups and the group has benefited out of it, but at the same time the entry in the group had helped South Africa to grow as a whole. Other Emerging Economies in a Globalising World. Debate Motion: The BRICS are now Being Challenged by other Emerging Economies. Globalisation is the motion with the objective to impart availability of resources of all the countries to each other. With this there are other economies which are emerging for the benefits of the countries associated with it. BRICS is the greatest example for the same. BRICS is an association which was formed for the benefits of the countries which are associated with the group. The object was to provide the benefit of finances, investment, security etc. to the countries which are part of BRICS for the other countries. From almost a decade the political importance of BRICS has been increasing (Dianne, 2012). This unity they have given them a stronger command over various global institutions such as World Bank. BRICS had helps the developing companies like India and South Africa capable to stand in the global market. With the emergence of the other economies in the globalised world the advantage of vast global market has increased. Other economies give a special advantage to the gro up countries. With these emergences there is also increased responsibility of the global market. It is observed that the advantage that is given to only the group countries which may result in change in behaviour of such countries with the trade policies of other countries. The other economies have to work with considering the fact that it is working in a global market as a whole and cannot disturb the balance of the same (Cheru, 2016). With this we can say that the emergence of other economies in the globalised market may seem to be at a small scale at present but has a wide scope in future. The projections seem to be aimed at high growth level and the same shall be accomplished. With the other emerging economies the BRICS is been challenged. It is observed that there is a need to develop new models and approached to interact with the rest of the countries (Sechel Ciobanu, 2014). No matter how well the working of the countries of BRICS is going within themselves, it is important to grow the trade and communication with other countries as well. There is a need to work with each other and for this new models are to be developed. The difference in the political status of the BRICS countries and other countries is one of the cause that is been a hindrance for the trade with other countries. BRICS have been working on with the countries with similar political and social background, but with the other economies it became important for them to develop new ways of working. The other countries which are not the part of BRICS are resource full and have adopted a developed technique to get the maximum out of the available resources. This in result is driving the labour from developing countries of BRICS at a lower rate (Harmer et al., 2013). With this we can conclude that it is getting difficult for the BRICS to work easily after the emergence of the other economies, and in order to overcome this there is a need to remodel the working policies of BRICS. References Cecile Bastidon Gilles, Nicolas Huchet, Philippe Gilles. (2012). Amplification Effects and Unconventional Monetary Policies. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 2(567)(2(567)), 13-30. Cheru, F. (2016). Emerging Southern powers and new forms of SouthSouth cooperation: Ethiopias strategic engagement with China and India. Third World Quarterly, 37(4), 592-610. Dianne Lynne Bevelander. (2012). Who is engaging with whom? Internationalizing opportunities for business schools in emerging economies. International Journal of Educational Management, 26(7), 646-663. Harmer, A., Xiao, Y., Missoni, E., Tediosi, F. (2013). 'BRICS without straw'? A systematic literature review of newly emerging economies' influence in global health. Globalization and Health, 9(1), Globalization and Health, April 15, 2013, Vol.9(1). Popescu, Gheorghe H. (2013). The growing weight of the BRICs in the global economy. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 1(2), 48. Sechel Ioana-Cristina, Ciobanu Gheorghe. (2014). Characteristics of the emerging market economies - BRICS, from the perspective of stock exchange markets. Annals of the University of Oradea: Economic Science, 23(1), 40-49. Stumpf, Vermaak. (2010). The role of technology in reconstructing South Africa's economy towards global competitiveness. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 66(1), 3-16. nay, S. (2013). Reality or Mirage?: BRICS and the Making of Multipolarity in the Global Political Economy. Insight Turkey, 15(3), 77-94.

101 Summary and Gender Professor Ramos Blog

101 Summary and Gender Quick Write Quick Write In your own words, what argument is Slaughter making? The Art of Summarizing Chapter 2 explains how to write an extended summary. We will be working with this today moving into beginning our essays. Careful you do not write a list summary or â€Å"closest cliche†. The book treats summary and paraphrase similarly. Keep in mind that you will also be using quotes. We Should All Be Feminist What is a feminist? A person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER, â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All†Ã‚  [p. 534] RICHARD DORMENT, â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All†Ã‚  [p. 555] Slaughter Why Women Still Cant Have it All The Slaughter article was published in  The Atlantic. Take 3 minutes and find something you had a question about or wanted to talk about from the Slaughter article. Dorment Why Men Still Cant Have it All

The Chemical Composition of Rubbing Alcohol

The Chemical Composition of Rubbing Alcohol One of the types of alcohol you can buy over the counter is rubbing alcohol, which is used for disinfection and may be applied to the skin to produce a cooling effect. Do you know the chemical composition of rubbing alcohol? It is a mixture of denatured alcohol, water, and agents added to make the alcohol unpalatable to drink. It may also include colorants. There are two common types of rubbing alcohol. Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol Most rubbing alcohol is made from isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol in water. It is common to find isopropyl rubbing alcohol at concentrations from 68% alcohol in water up to 99% alcohol in water. The 70% rubbing alcohol is highly effective as a disinfectant. Additives make this alcohol bitter-tasting, to try to prevent people from drinking it. Isopropyl alcohol is toxic, in part because the body metabolizes it into acetone. Drinking this alcohol can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, central nervous system depression, organ damage, and potentially coma or death. Ethyl Alcohol Rubbing Alcohol The other type of rubbing alcohol consists of 97.5-100% denatured ethyl alcohol or ethanol with water. Ethyl alcohol is naturally less toxic than isopropyl alcohol. In fact, it is the alcohol that naturally occurs in wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages. However, the alcohol is denatured or made undrinkable in rubbing alcohol, both to control its use as an intoxicant and because the alcohol has not been purified to make it safe to drink. In fact, in the US, additives make it as toxic as isopropyl alcohol. Rubbing Alcohol in the UK In the United Kingdom, rubbing alcohol goes by the name surgical spirit. The formulation consists of a mixture of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Rubbing Alcohol in the US In the United States, rubbing alcohol made using ethanol must conform to Formula 23-H, which specifies it consists of 100 parts by volume of ethyl alcohol, 8 parts by volume of acetone, and 1.5 parts by volume of methyl isobutyl ketone (MSDS sheet). The remainder of the composition includes water and denaturants and may include colorants and perfume oils. Rubbing alcohol made using isopropanol is regulated to contains at least 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate (MSDS sheet) and 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate per 100 ml volume. Isopropyl rubbing alcohol also contains water, stabilizer and may contain colorants. Rubbing Alcohol Toxicity All rubbing alcohol manufactured in the US is toxic to ingest or  inhale and can cause excessively dry skin if used often. In fact, if you read the product label, youll see there is a warning against most of the common uses of rubbing alcohol. All types of rubbing alcohol, regardless of their country of origin, are flammable. Formulations closer to 70% are less likely to catch fire than rubbing alcohol that contains a higher percentage of alcohol.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 24

History - Essay Example According to historical facts, Punic word is derived from Latin word that is mentioned as â€Å"Punicus†. The meaning of Punicus is described as Carthaginian in the literature and dictionaries. Accordingly, Carthaginian is also linked with empire that was liked by majority of public in the social order. In the same way, the reasons of Punic wars are mentioned as complex of people about Carthaginian Empire and roman republic realm. So, Carthaginian is an imperative term that is linked with Punic wars and a researcher should understand this terminology to realize the scenario and causes of Punic wars. A major cause of this series is mentioned as trouble between two empires. In the meanwhile, Rome and Carthage were treated with each other in many financing and economical programs. These both empires were also related against territory of Pyrrhus. In the same way, Carthage rulers were also in the position to take the control of naval power in the western Mediterranean. This scenario was not acceptable for Roman Empire. In the same way, Carthage were struggling to take the control of all areas which was mentioned along various cities like Island, Sardinia, Corsica and limited spots of south Spain. This battle was also linked with the control of some Sicily cities that were beneficial for any empire to gain its development targets. After this condition, Roman rulers were also interested to take control of Sicily cities and this complex was the major reason of first Punic War. Accordingly, Roman rulers tried to take control of those cities and they were trying to increase their milita ry strength for achievement of their specific targets in the Punic war. The same scenario was also related with Carthage rulers as they were interested to defeat Roman Empire by taking effective steps and they took. For instance, Carthaginians sent a huge force along with elephants and other relevant military material for certainty success and they achieved their goals. Through this

San Diego 2020 General Plan for San Diego, California Term Paper - 1

San Diego 2020 General Plan for San Diego, California - Term Paper Example Essentially, urban planning enables leaders to implement the collective vision of a city by utilizing the scarce resources available to the city, to foster economic and social development through collaborative engagements with interested stakeholders. In addition, through conscious planning, risks can be mitigated earlier to ensure connectivity between short-term activities and the long-term vision of the city. A good example of a general plan that is a roadmap for future long-term success is the San Diego 2020 Plan. The San Diego General Plan, also termed as the 2020 General Plan of San Diego, has been subject to a number of modifications over the years. A number of changes have been made over the years and continue to be made in order to match the evolving needs of the occupants of the City of San Diego and its environment. Great focus has been placed on the sustainability measures so that the policies adopted by the local governments can be aligned with the universal climate variations. The aim of the general/master plan is to highlight the city’s diverse and unique landscape which comprises river valleys, hills, mountains, dessert, estuaries, beaches, mesas, and canyons. It has been stated that the city’s unique landscape coupled with its transportation network, are the main factors that define San Diego as a city and the communities that live in the city. The landscape, the transportation networks, and the communities in the city form the framework that links the entire city together. The biggest challenge in developing an extensive functional framework has and continues to be the landscape of the city. Therefore, the San Diego General Plan aims to establish policies that enforce the utilization of the land, provide and maintain city services.  Ã‚  

Polks Declaration of War with Mexico Essay Example for Free

Polks Declaration of War with Mexico Essay Many believe that James K. Polk’s declaration of War with Mexico was a justifiable action. On the contrary, a more sound argument can be made using Lincoln’s â€Å"Spot Resolutions† and Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†; stating that Polk deliberately proclaimed war in order to expand United States’ territory and slavery. Abraham Lincoln used his â€Å"Spot Resolutions† to persuade the House of Representatives to present Polk with queries about the veracity of his statements, particularly in regard to the actual â€Å"spot† where blood was initially shed. Lincoln’s questions were never answered but his resolutions convinced much of the public that Polk was not being straightforward about his motives for war. In fact, Polk had a draft written to Congress asking to declare war on Mexico prior to having gained knowledge of U.S. casualties. Polk’s original justifications for war include Mexicos failure to pay U.S. damage claims and their refusal to meet with Slidell, yet later he stated that the war was a â€Å"defensive measure.† Other oppositions to the war came from those who defended civil liberties, most prominently from Henry David Thoreau. Through Thoreau’s eyes, the government was engaged in an unjust war with the sole objective to promote the westward expansion of slavery. As a protest, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax to support an imperialistic war, resulting in a night in jail. Thoreau condoned breaking the law if the law was perceived unethical. Thoreau believed that people have the duty to answer to a higher law than of our government, their own set of morals. Polk seemed to change his reasons for war depending on what the public hoped to hear, but he never wavered in his decision for the declaration of War on Mexico. This suggests that he was determined to reap the rewards from a war that he declared over the opposition from both the public and the legislature. The analysis of Lincoln’s â€Å"Spot Resolutions† infer that James K. Polk declared war to gain western lands, especially California, despite the repercussions of warfare. Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† also gives evidence that Polk orchestrated the War with Mexico to reach slavery out west.

St Thomas Aquinas Essay -- Religion Philosophy

St Thomas Aquinas It has been written that "since the day of Aristotle, probably no one man has exercised such a powerful influence on the thinking world as did St Thomas Aquinas." Thomas Aquinas was born in 1225 in Italy of a noble family, thus separated by 900 years to Aristotle. He received his first education at the Abbey of Monte Cassino, going on from there to the University of Naples. In 1243, he joined the Dominican monastic order at Cologin. His most influential teacher was another Dominican, Albertus Magnis, a German who wrote extensively on theological matters and questions of national science, especially biology. Thomas was also a highly successful lecturer, and travelled widely across Europe, particularly on the business of his order and the church. In his short and active life, Thomas produced a prodigious amount of writing: commentaries on biblical books and Aristotelian work, short essays on philosophical problems, and a lengthy compendium of Christian apoletices, the Summa Centra Gentiles, which, as Chambers et. al. writes was probably intended for Dominican missionaries working to convert heretics and infidels. St Thomas begins the Summa Centra Gentiles as writes by reaffirming what Aristotle claimed at the beginning of Metaphysics, namely, he that studies the end or purpose of the universe is rightly called a wise man. He is wise because he is studying that which is highest and most noble among the subjects of study: Truth. Truth, Aquinas claims, i...

Abstract Art Development

If you take a look at the paintings, you will see that they are abstract. In fact, they are painted in a style that is sometimes referred to as â€Å"Abstract Expressionism†. Many people have trouble understanding and appreciating this type of art. The purpose of this essay is to explain how, over time, art has evolved to become more and more abstract, and why this is important. My intention is to explain the goals of abstract art, and to help you learn how to enjoy it. To begin, I'd like to introduce you to the idea that, broadly speaking, there are two types of paintings: representational and abstract.We call a painting â€Å"representational† if it portrays specific, recognizable physical objects. In some cases, the representational paintings look true to life, almost like a photograph. For example, consider the following painting by Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606-1669). This painting is called â€Å"The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp†, and was painted in 1632. â€Å"The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp† [1632] by Rembrandt van Rijn. Display a larger picture of this painting. When you look at this painting, it is easy to recognize what you are looking at.There are eight men wearing funny-looking clothing (actually, the style of clothing worn in 17th century Holland), and on a table in front of the men lies a dead man, whose arm is being dissected. It is easy to identify all the objects in the painting, as well as the overall meaning of the painting. (You are looking at an anatomy demonstration. ) Not all representational paintings are so realistic. For example, Paul Cezanne (French, 1839-1906) created some beautiful paintings of fruit. Take a look at this one, â€Å"Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes†, which Cezanne painted from 1879-1880 Apples, Peaches, Pears and Grapes† [1879-1880] by Paul Cezanne. Display a larger picture of this painting. Obviously, this painting is more abstract than the previous one. Still, what you are looking at is representational. The objects in the Cezanne painting may not be as realistic as the ones in the Rembrandt — there is no way you would mistake the Cezanne painting for a photograph — but it is easy to recognize that you are looking at various types of fruit in a bowl. When you look at a representational painting, you get an immediate feeling as to whether or not you like the painting.For example, take another look at the previous two paintings and compare what you feel when you look at the anatomy lesson with what you feel when you look at the bowl of fruit. Abstract paintings are different. They have designs, shapes or colors that do not look like specific physical objects. As such, abstract paintings are a lot harder to understand than representational paintings. Indeed, when you look at an abstract painting, you often have no idea what it is you are actually seeing. Let's see if we can make sense out of this.In general, there are t wo types of abstract paintings. The first type of abstract painting portrays objects that have been â€Å"abstracted† (taken) from nature. Although what you see may not look realistic, it is close enough that you can, at least, get an idea of what you are looking at. If you have ever seen any of the paintings of Claude Monet (French, 1840-1926), you will know what I mean. In 1899, Monet began to paint a series of paintings called â€Å"Water Lilies†. These paintings depict the garden at his house in Giverny, Normandy (in France).Although the objects in the paintings don't really look like lilies, or water, or clouds, they are close enough that you can get a feeling for what you are seeing. To see what I mean, take a look at this painting, â€Å"Water Lilies (The Clouds)†, which Monet painted in 1903. â€Å"Water Lilies (The Clouds)† [1903] by Claude Monet. Display a larger picture of this painting. A second type of abstract painting, sometimes referred to as â€Å"pure† abstract art, is even more obtuse. Such paintings do not reflect any form of conventional reality: all you see are shapes, colors, lines, patterns, and so on.Here, for example, is one of my paintings, entitled â€Å"Blue #1†, which I painted in 2000. â€Å"Blue #1† [2000] by Harley Hahn. Display a larger picture of this painting. As you can see, nothing in this painting is recognizable. There are no people, fruit or even water lilies. When you look at such art, it is natural to wonder why anyone would bother to create such paintings in the first place. What could the artist possibly have in mind? In some cases, the design itself might be pleasing to the eye, and we might look upon the painting as nothing more than a decoration.Most of the time, however, this is not the case. Indeed, a great deal of abstract art is not particularly pleasing to the eye. Moreover, why would an artist spend so much time creating a mere decoration? There must be somet hing more to it. The truth is, yes, there is a lot more to abstract art than what meets the eye, and to see why, we have to consider the basic purpose of art. To truly appreciate a work of art, you need to see it as more than a single, isolated creation: there must be context. This is because art is not timeless.Every painting is created within a particular environment, and if you do not understand that environment, you will never be able to appreciate what the artist has to offer you. This is why, when you study the work of a particular artist, it makes sense to learn something about his life and the culture in which he lived. Although the qualities of a painting depend on the skill and desires of the artist, a great deal of what you see on the canvas reflects the environment in which the art was created. As an example, take a look at the following two paintings.The painting on the right, the well-known Mona Lisa, was painted from 1503-1506 by Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452-1519) . The painting on the left, a picture of Princess Diana, was painted in 1982 by Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987). Both are portraits of a woman, and both were produced by highly skilled artists who used similar poses — but notice the striking differences in style. â€Å"Princess Diana† [1982] by Andy Warhol. Display a larger picture of this painting. â€Å"Mona Lisa† [1503-1506] by Leonardo da Vinci. Display a larger picture of this painting.If you study the lives of da Vinci and Warhol, you will find that there were — as you might well imagine — significant personal differences between the two men. These differences, however, do not account for the vast dissimilarity in painting styles. When you compare these two paintings, what you are seeing, more than anything else, are cultural differences. When an artist creates, he is strongly influenced by the times in which he lives and, no matter how innovative he might be as a person, he cannot complete ly escape the boundaries of his culture.As you study the history of art, you see that, at any particular place and time, there is always a dominant â€Å"school† of art that defines the prevailing artistic culture. Most artists of the time work within the norms of that culture. A few artists, however — the visionaries and the experimenters — break new ground and, as they do, they encounter tremendous resistance from people who don't understand the â€Å"new† style of art. However, it is from the work of these innovators that art evolves. So how does this pertain to abstract art? Until the end of the 19th century, virtually all painting was representational.Artists painted pictures that were straightforward, and people looked at those paintings for one reason: to see the particular images that were depicted. At first, this idea sounds so obvious as to hardly be worth stating. Why else would you look at paintings, if not to see the images? However, as I wil l explain, there are other, more compelling reasons to look at a painting. Indeed, it is possible to experience a painting in such a way that you go beyond what you see, in order to find out what you might feel. In the early 1870s, a movement arose in France that began to introduce abstraction into serious art.This movement, called Impressionism, produced works of art that, for the first time, did not consist wholly of realistic images. The original goal of the Impressionists was conceptually simple: they wanted to depict nature as it really existed. In particular, they labored to capture the ever-changing effects of light, as it changed throughout the day and from season to season. For example, the French painter Monet, whom I mentioned above, spent a lot of time creating series of paintings in which he painted the same subject at different times of the day.His goal was to show how the color and form of the subject changed from one hour to the next. Take a look at this painting of haystacks, created by Monet in 1890-1891. His goal was not to paint a simple image of a stack of hay, but rather to show the color and form of the haystacks at a particular time of day at the end of the summer. From Monet's point of view (I imagine), the painting was more of an exercise than a work of art. â€Å"Wheatstacks (End of Summer)† [1890-1891] by Claude Monet. Display a larger picture of this painting. Around the same time, another school of art, Neo-Impressionism, arose from the influence of Impressionism.The Neo-Impressionists used many small side-by-side dots to build up various shapes and colors. You can see this technique — which is known as â€Å"pointillism† — in the following painting, â€Å"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte†, created in 1884-1886 by Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891). â€Å"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte† [1884-1886] by Georges Seurat. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, in the 1880s and 1890s, a disparate group of artists sought to move beyond Impressionism and its obsession with the changing effects of light.These artists, collectively known as the Post-Impressionists, created a wide range of striking and innovative paintings. Among the most important Post-Impressionists were Paul Cezanne (French, 1839-1906), whom I mentioned earlier, Paul Gauguin (French, 1848-1903) and Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890). When you look at Impressionist paintings, you will notice that, although they are generally soothing to the eye and calming to the spirit, they are, as a whole, quite boring. This is not the case with the Post-Impressionsts, as you can see by looking at the following two paintings. First, here is â€Å"Where Do We Come From?What Are We? Where Are We Going? â€Å", painted in 1897 by Gauguin. â€Å"Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? † [1897] by Paul Gauguin. Display a larger picture of this painti ng. Next, take a look at â€Å"Irises†, painted in 1889 by van Gogh. â€Å"Irises† [1889] by Vincent van Gogh. Display a larger picture of this painting. The last three decades of the 19th century were a time of two important — and distinct — transitions. First, as I have mentioned, there was a gradual change from representational art to abstract art. You can see this in the work of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists.The second change was more subtle, but far more important. With the work of the Post- Impressionists, the purpose of art itself had begun to change. For most of history, the primary purpose of painting had been to portray images, rather than to evoke feelings and emotions. Starting with the Post-Impressionists, however, the emphasis began to shift. For the first time, unconscious feelings began to find their way into mainstream art. What allowed this to happen was that the Impressionists had loosened the bonds, giving permission for pa inters to stray from their representational roots and become more abstract.To be sure, the Post-Impressionists were still quite literal in their work: when you look at the work of Cezanne or Gauguin or van Gogh, you do know what you are looking at. Indeed, at the beginning of this essay, I used one of Cezanne's paintings (â€Å"Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes†) as an example of representational work. Still, the gradual shift to abstraction and the capturing of deep-seated emotion was real and far-reaching. The reason that this is so important is that most of human life exists unconsciously, below the surface of perception and beyond the reach of voluntary, purposeful thinking.Within this netherworld, lies the strong, untamed and irrational forces that give life to our being and definition to what it means to be human. Until the 20th century, artists had to be content with merely grazing the surface of consciousness. Try as they might, their ability to penetrate to the hear t of what it means to be human was limited by their tools. When the brain processes a recognizable image, a mental barrier is erected that prevents significant entry into the processes of the unconscious.Thus, representational art, by its very nature, imposes limits on how deeply an artist is able to insinuate him- or herself into the unconscious processes of the observer. However, with the coming of abstraction, artists had, for the first time, a powerful tool that would allow them to bypass literal perception and reach into this otherwise impenetrable world of unconscious emotion. This was possible because, the more abstract a work of art, the less preconceptions it evokes in the mind of the beholder. In the hands of a skillful practitioner, abstract art can be an extremely powerful tool.However, as I will explain in a moment, such tools require more than the skill of the artist, they require the cooperation of the observer. Before I get to this point, however, I'd like to continu e with a bit of history. By the beginning of the 20th century, the move towards abstraction had generated enormous possibility. Previously, painters — restricted by the conventions of representational art — had confined themselves to either imitating nature or telling stories. Now, for the first time, artists were able to enter a realm in which unbounded imagination was, not only possible, but desirable.Between 1910 and 1920, a new movement towards abstract art, both in painting and sculpture, arose in Europe and in North America. The first important abstract artist was Wassily Kandinsky (Russian, 1866-1944). During the years 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky created a series of paintings which he called â€Å"Improvisations and Compositions†. Even today, almost a century later, Kandinsky's work is striking in its ability to bypass our consciousness and stir our inner feelings. Take a look, for example, at one of my favorites, â€Å"Improvisation 7†, which Kandinsk y painted in 1910. â€Å"Improvisation 7† [1910] by Wassily Kandinsky.Display a larger picture of this painting. The work of Kandinsky was extremely influential, and helped to usher in an age in which a number of abstract movements were established, one after another: Cubism, Futurism, Vorticism, Neoplasticism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and so on. Rather than describe each of these movements in detail, I'd like to jump to what I consider to be the defining point of 20th century art: Abstract Expressionism. What we now call Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York in the early 1940s. It was not so much a well-defined school of art, as a way of thinking.The Abstract Expressionists made the final break from the rigid conventions of the past, by redefining what it meant to be an artist. In essence, they rebelled against what the rest of the art world judged to be acceptable. Although the idea of abstraction had been around for some time, the Abstract Expressionists went a lot furthe r. They began to emphasize, not only the finished product, but the actual process of painting. They experimented in how they interacted with the paint, the canvas, and their tools; and they paid attention to the physical qualities of the paint itself, its texture, color and shape.I realize this sounds vague and pretentious, so I will explain to you what it all means. Before I do, though, let's take a look at an Abstract Expressionist painting, so you can at least get a feeling for what I am talking about. The following painting was created in 1950 by Jackson Pollock (American, 1912-1956), a pioneer of what came to be called â€Å"action painting†. The painting was originally called â€Å"Number 1, 1950†, but at the suggestion of an art critic named Clement Greenberg, the painting was renamed â€Å"Lavender Mist† (although, there is actually no lavender in it). Lavender Mist† [1950] by Jackson Pollock. Display a larger picture of this painting. The name â⠂¬Å"action painting† was coined to describe the techniques used by Pollock. He would fasten large canvases to the floor of his studio, and then drip, fling, and spill paint on them. He often used regular house paint, because he preferred the way it flowed. Now, I understand that the first time you look at a picture like â€Å"Lavender Mist† you may see nothing more than a confusing array of disorganized lines and spots. â€Å"What,† I hear you say, â€Å"is this supposed to mean?How could anything so primitive and crude be considered to be great art? It looks like something a bored kid would do if he was left alone in an art studio with no supervision. † Before I explain why â€Å"Lavender Mist† is, indeed, great art, let me tell you a quick story. A few years ago, I decided to visit Washington, D. C. by myself. It was the middle of winter, and the city had been hit by a huge snowstorm. I was all alone, so I decided to walk to the National Gallery o f Art. The streets were virtually empty, and as I entered the museum, I could see that it too was empty.I asked the information person if they had anything by Jackson Pollock. She said yes, and gave me directions to the room in which his paintings and drawings were hung. I had heard of Pollock and seen photographs of his work, but I had never seen any of the paintings in person. I still remember the feeling I had when I descended the stairs, turned the corner, and looked at the wall. I was alone in a large room and, there on the far wall, was â€Å"Lavender Mist†. The effect it had on me was completely unexpected. It was the only time in my life when I can remember a painting, literally, taking my breath away.I know this will sound a bit sappy, but seeing that painting changed me forever. Looking at a Jackson Pollock painting for the first time. How could this be the case? You just looked at a picture of the same painting, and I doubt you felt as if you had been changed forev er. First, I should explain that the actual canvas is large, nearly 10 feet (3 meters) long. It is quite imposing when you see it in person, especially in a large empty room, where the painting seems to reach out, grab you and pull you towards it.Second, what you see in the picture above is nothing like the real thing. Not only is the picture on your screen much smaller than the actual painting, but the colors you see on a computer monitor are muted and inexact. Moreover, on a computer screen, you do not get a sense of the texture of the paint and the canvas. All of this you understand, I am sure. Everyone knows that viewing a real painting is a lot different from looking at a picture of the painting on a computer monitor (or on a projection screen in an art history class, for that matter).However, there is another reason why I was so moved by â€Å"Lavender Mist†, and it has to do with the very purpose of art. To discuss this, we have to consider the question, Why do we crea te art? There are a number of straightforward reasons why human beings create art: to make a decoration, to tell a story, to capture or preserve an image, or to illustrate an idea. However, there is another, more subtle, but far more important reason why art is important to us. The need to reach inside ourselves and manipulate our unconscious feelings is universal.We all do it to some degree, although most of the time we are blind to what we are doing. That is where art comes in. As I explained earlier, one of the purposes of art is to allow us indirect access to our inner psyche. Great art affords a way to get in touch with the unconscious part of our existence, even if we don't realize what we are doing. In this sense, the role of the artist is to create something that, when viewed by an observer, evokes unconscious feelings and emotions.The reason abstract art has the potential to be so powerful is that it keeps the conscious distractions to a minimum. When you look at, say, the apples and pears of Cezanne, your mental energy mostly goes to processing the images: the fruit, the plate, the table, and the background. However, when you look at â€Å"Lavender Mist†, you are not distracted by meaningful images, so virtually all of your brain power is devoted to feeling. You can open yourself, let in the energy and spirit of the painting, and allow it to dance with your psyche.Of course, this only works if you cooperate with the artist. His job is to create a painting that is rendered so skillfully that, when you look at it, what you see actually changes what you feel at an unconscious level. Your job is to clear your conscious mind of thoughts and preconceptions in order to allow yourself to be influenced by what you are seeing. This means that, if you are to truly appreciate a work of art, you must be willing to let yourself go, to put yourself in the hands of the artist, so to speak, and let him take you wherever he wants.Much of the time, this partners hip fails, sometimes because the artist is simply not skillful enough; often because the person looking at the painting does not know how to truly appreciate it. Now you can see why the advent of Abstract Expressionism was so important. For the first time in history, artists were creating abstract art so skillfully that it was able to penetrate quickly and powerfully into people's subconscious (at least some people, some of the time). Thus, it is possible to view the history of painting as a long evolutionary process, starting with the slow, labored development of tools and techniques.Eventually, after centuries of representationalism, the Impressionists began to shake off the long- standing restrictions, which led to the development of various schools of abstract art, culminating, in the 1940s, with Abstract Expressionism, the beginning of a new age of creation and human achievement. I'd like to introduce to you a few of the Abstract Expressionists, painters whose work was importan t to the evolutionary process that redefined what it meant to be an artist. One thing that you will see is that work of these painters varies greatly.This is because, as I have mentioned, Abstract Expressionism is not so much a school of painting as a way of approaching and experiencing the act of creation. I have already shown you â€Å"Lavender Mist† (1950) by Jackson Pollock. Here is one of Pollack's earlier paintings, â€Å"The Key†, which he created in 1946. â€Å"The Key† [1946] by Jackson Pollock. Display a larger picture of this painting. Next, I'd like to show you a painting by Arshile Gorky (Armenian-American, 1904-1948), whose work had significant influence at the time that Abstract Expressionism was emerging.This painting, called â€Å"One Year the Milkweed†, was created in 1944. â€Å"One Year the Milkweed† [1944] by Arshile Gorky. Display a larger picture of this painting. When you are just getting used to abstract art, you might wond er, just how good are these artists anyway? It doesn't look all that hard to fill a canvas with lines, and smears, and splotches. I can assure you that the best abstract painters are all highly skilled artists in their own right. For example, here is a charcoal sketch done by Gorky in 1938, called â€Å"The Artist's Mother†. It is actually an idealization of his mother, inspired by an old photograph. ) â€Å"The Artist's Mother† [1938] by Arshile Gorky. The next painting is by Franz Kline (American, 1910-1962). It is called â€Å"Painting Number 2†, and was created in 1954. â€Å"Painting Number 2† [1954] by Franz Kline. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, here is a painting by Mark Rothko (Russian-American, 1903-1970), entitled â€Å"White Center† and created in 1950. This painting is an example of what is called â€Å"Color Field† painting: an abstract image with large areas of undiluted color. â€Å"White Center† [1 950] by Mark Rothko.

Genealogy Correspondence Request Information by Mail

You cant find the information on the Internet and dont have time or money to visit the courthouse. No problem! Using the postal service to request documents, records, and other information on your family can save hours of your time. Obituaries from the library, birth certificates from the vital records office, wills from the courthouse, and marriages from the church are just some of the many records available by mail. What are the Research Request Policies? The trick to acquiring information by mail is to become familiar with the records and policies of the archives and repositories in the area in which your ancestors lived. Questions that you need to ask before requesting copies by mail include: Can photocopies of documents be sent by mail?What records are available? For what time periods?Have the records been indexed?Can indexes for a particular surname be obtained by mail?What are the costs for obtaining copies?Is there an additional charge for requesting copies by mail over visiting in person?What forms of payment are accepted?Can requests be faxed or emailed?Is a complete citation (exact name, date, etc.) required, or can searches be conducted?What is the average turnaround time for genealogy requests? Indexes are Key To make it easier to request genealogy records by mail, it helps to first obtain access to any published indexes. Indexes make it easy to locate your surname, check for other possible relatives living in the area, and explore possible spelling variations. They also allow you to easily request specific documents with a citation of volume and page or certificate number. Many facilities dont have the resources for undertaking genealogy research, but most are happy to provide copies of documents when they are provided with the specific source information obtained through the index. Many land deeds, vital records, immigration records, and wills have been indexed and can be obtained on microfilm through your local Family History Center or online through FamilySearch. You can also write to the facility (such as a deeds office) directly and request copies of indexes for a specific surname or time frame. Not all repositories will provide this service, however. Correspond With Confidence Unless you plan to send out only a single request, it is useful to use a form, called a correspondence log, to help you keep track of the requests you send out, the responses you receive, and the information youve obtained. Use the correspondence log to record the date of your request, the name of the person or archives with whom you are corresponding, and the information requested. When you receive a reply, make a note of the date and the information received. When requesting information and documents by mail, keep your requests brief and to the point. Try not to ask for more than one or two records per transaction unless you have checked in advance with the person handling your request. Some facilities require each individual request to be handled in a separate transaction, while others will gladly copy two dozen documents for you. Include payment, if it is required, along with your letter. If payment is not required, it is always nice to offer a donation. Libraries, genealogical societies, and churches, especially, appreciate this gesture. Some repositories may send you a bill after receiving your initial request, based on the actual number of photocopies required by the documents youve requested. In most cases, you will then have to send payment prior to receiving the copies. Tips for Ensuring a Response For the best chances of encouraging a successful response to your requests: Keep your letter short and simple. State what information you need and include only the background information that may help someone find the answer to your request.Include alternate name spellings, nicknames, etc. under which any records may be found.Always include a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE)Include your name and address on the letter, as well as the SASEInclude your email address and phone number with your letter. This allows the person handling your request to contact you quickly if they have any questions.Be polite and courteous. Please and thank you goes a long way.Proofread your letter for grammar and spelling, making sure that your request is easy to understand and that you have included accurate names, dates and places.Keep a copy of your letter, at least until you receive a reply, and make note of it in your correspondence log. A lot of your genealogy research can be successfully conducted by mail as long as you do your homework, are polite and considerate in all of your correspondence, and keep good track of your results. Happy hunting!